NYSE · CIK 0000915389
EMN EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO
Insider trading from SEC Form 4. Last filing 2 d ago. Close $62.69 on Oct 9, 2026, +17% from the 52-week low and -20% from the high.
Last 90 days
Net insider value
$0
no open-market trades
Buys
0
$0 by 0 insiders
Sells
0
$0 by 0 insiders
Insiders on file
21
with a Form 4 at this company
Price and insider trades, last year
EMNOct 9, 2026 · close 62.69
Daily candles, adjusted for splits and dividends. Green arrows are insider buys, red are sells, sized by value. Click a marked bar to open the signal.Charts by TradingView Lightweight Charts™
Signals
Open-market buys and sells at EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO, scored.
| Score | Insider | Value | Holdings | Price context | Filed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 35Weak | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. sell | $113k 1,147 shares | -50% | - | |
| 43Moderate | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair sell | $484k 4,834 shares | -1% | - | |
| 62Notable | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr sell | $206k 2,037 shares | -100% | - | |
| 34Weak | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO sell | $198k 1,963 shares | -4% | - | |
| 50Moderate | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair sell | $1.9M 18,278 shares | -4% | - | |
| 31Weak | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr sell | $386k 3,683 shares | -100% | - | |
| 45Moderate | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr sell | $1.0M 9,695 shares | -17% | - | |
| 60Notable | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO sell | $3.8M 36,377 shares | -53% | - | |
| 45Moderate | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr sell | $1.1M 10,504 shares | -18% | - | |
| 55Moderate | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair sell | $9.4M 89,732 shares | -23% | - | |
| 52Moderate | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr sell | $472k 4,456 shares | -50% | - | |
| 14Weak | Christopher Moore Killian SVP & CTO sell | $321k 3,061 shares | -20% | - |
Congressional trades
3 trades in EMN disclosed by members of Congress under the STOCK Act. All congressional trades.
| Member | Trade | Asset | Reported range | Trade / filing date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lisa C. McClain House · R-MI | Sale | EMN Eastman Chemical Company Common Stock | $1,001 to $15k | Aug 4, 2025 / Sep 12, 2025 39 days after the trade | Clerk |
Lisa C. McClain House · R-MI | Purchase | EMN Eastman Chemical Company Common Stock | $1,001 to $15k | Jun 17, 2025 / Aug 13, 2025 57 days after the trade | Clerk |
Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr. House · R-PA | Sale | EMN Eastman Chemical Company Common Stock | $1,001 to $15k | May 15, 2025 / Jun 9, 2025 25 days after the trade | Clerk |
Transactions
The last 100 rows filed, every code.
| Date | Insider | Transaction | Shares | Price | Value | Holdings after | Filed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oct 7, 2026 | Kim Ann Mink director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 18,409 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | James J /ky Obrien director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 19,159 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Julie Fasone Holder director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 15,948 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Eric L Butler director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 3,798 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Humberto P Alfonso director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +1,162 | $63.25 | $73k | 58,750 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Damon J Audia director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +1,002 | $63.25 | $63k | 5,276 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Donald W Slager director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 2,227 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Brett D Begemann director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +1,362 | $63.25 | $86k | 61,396 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Linnie M Haynesworth director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 6,405 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Renee J Hornbaker director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 53,088 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Humberto P Alfonso director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 60,995 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Brett D Begemann director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 63,709 | 2 d ago |
| Oct 7, 2026 | Damon J Audia director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +480 | $0.00 | $0 | 6,042 | 2 d ago |
| Sep 2, 2026 | James J /ky Obrien director | GGift Common Stock | -5,378 | $0.00 | $0 | 1,628 | 38 d ago |
| Sep 2, 2026 | James J /ky Obrien director | GGift Common Stockindirect: Revocable Trust | -2,482 | $0.00 | $0 | 0 | 38 d ago |
| Sep 2, 2026 | James J /ky Obrien director | GGift Common Stockindirect: O'Brien Family Dynasty Trust | +7,860 | $0.00 | $0 | 7,860 | 38 d ago |
| May 1, 2025 | Humberto P Alfonso director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +1,575 | $76.22 | $120k | 50,781 | May 5, 2025 |
| Apr 7, 2025 | Humberto P Alfonso director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +996 | $73.65 | $73k | 48,778 | Apr 9, 2025 |
| Apr 7, 2025 | Humberto P Alfonso director | AGrant or award Phantom Stock Unitsderivative | +412 | $0.00 | $0 | 49,190 | Apr 9, 2025 |
| Mar 7, 2025 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | GGift Common Stock | -1,750 | $0.00 | $0 | 80,207 | Mar 11, 2025 |
| Mar 3, 2025 | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. | MOption exercise Common Stock | +1,147 | $83.84 | $96k | 2,314 | Mar 5, 2025 |
| Mar 3, 2025 | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -1,147 | $98.51 | $113k | 1,167 | Mar 5, 2025 |
| Mar 3, 2025 | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -1,147 | $0.00 | $0 | 1,148 | Mar 5, 2025 |
| Feb 26, 2025 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Common Stock | +4,834 | $65.16 | $315k | 451,420 | Feb 28, 2025 |
| Feb 26, 2025 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -4,834 | $100.08 | $484k | 446,586 | Feb 28, 2025 |
| Feb 26, 2025 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -4,834 | $0.00 | $0 | 48,649 | Feb 28, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Michelle Renee Stewart Controller & CAO | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +5,784 | $0.00 | $0 | 5,784 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +121,458 | $0.00 | $0 | 121,458 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Christopher Moore Killian SVP, CTO & Sust. Ofc, | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +18,508 | $0.00 | $0 | 18,508 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -2,037 | $101.18 | $206k | 0 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Brian Travis Smith EVP, AFP, Mfg., WWEC & HSE | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +24,292 | $0.00 | $0 | 24,292 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +12,725 | $0.00 | $0 | 12,725 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Bosede Ikeolu Gbadegesin SVP, CLO & Corporate Secretary | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +14,460 | $0.00 | $0 | 14,460 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +32,968 | $0.00 | $0 | 32,968 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 21, 2025 | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO | MOption exercise Common Stock | +1,963 | $74.46 | $146k | 51,817 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +13,881 | $0.00 | $0 | 13,881 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Michelle Renee Stewart Controller & CAO | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +1,105 | $0.00 | $0 | 1,105 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Christopher Moore Killian SVP, CTO & Sust. Ofc, | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +3,535 | $0.00 | $0 | 3,535 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +16,773 | $0.00 | $0 | 16,773 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Brian Travis Smith EVP, AFP, Mfg., WWEC & HSE | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +4,639 | $0.00 | $0 | 4,639 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +2,430 | $0.00 | $0 | 2,430 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Bosede Ikeolu Gbadegesin SVP, CLO & Corporate Secretary | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +2,762 | $0.00 | $0 | 2,762 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +6,296 | $0.00 | $0 | 6,296 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 21, 2025 | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -1,963 | $101.00 | $198k | 49,854 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +23,195 | $0.00 | $0 | 23,195 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +2,651 | $0.00 | $0 | 2,651 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +3,204 | $0.00 | $0 | 3,204 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO | AGrant or award Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | +28,919 | $0.00 | $0 | 28,919 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 20, 2025 | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO | AGrant or award Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | +5,523 | $0.00 | $0 | 5,523 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 21, 2025 | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -1,963 | $0.00 | $0 | 0 | Feb 24, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO | AGrant or award Common Stock | +19,331 | $0.00 | $0 | 56,021 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | AGrant or award Common Stock | +2,734 | $0.00 | $0 | 2,734 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | AGrant or award Common Stock | +19,331 | $0.00 | $0 | 88,124 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP-Methan. Ops & WWEC Transf. | AGrant or award Common Stock | +16,810 | $0.00 | $0 | 64,097 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. | AGrant or award Common Stock | +1,607 | $0.00 | $0 | 1,607 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | AGrant or award Common Stock | +81,525 | $0.00 | $0 | 477,224 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Michelle Renee Stewart Controller & CAO | AGrant or award Common Stock | +3,993 | $0.00 | $0 | 6,215 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr | AGrant or award Common Stock | +8,405 | $0.00 | $0 | 12,808 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Brian Travis Smith EVP, AFP, Mfg., WWEC & HSE | AGrant or award Common Stock | +4,193 | $0.00 | $0 | 16,215 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Christopher Moore Killian SVP, CTO & Sust. Ofc, | AGrant or award Common Stock | +11,767 | $0.00 | $0 | 24,248 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Christopher Moore Killian SVP, CTO & Sust. Ofc, | FTax withholding Common Stock | -3,210 | $103.47 | $332k | 21,038 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | William Thomas McLain Jr. EVP, CFO | FTax withholding Common Stock | -6,167 | $103.47 | $638k | 49,854 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | FTax withholding Common Stock | -697 | $103.47 | $72k | 2,037 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | FTax withholding Common Stock | -6,167 | $103.47 | $638k | 81,957 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP-Methan. Ops & WWEC Transf. | FTax withholding Common Stock | -5,185 | $103.47 | $536k | 58,912 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Michelle H Caveness SVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc. | FTax withholding Common Stock | -440 | $103.47 | $46k | 1,167 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | FTax withholding Common Stock | -30,638 | $103.47 | $3.2M | 446,586 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Michelle Renee Stewart Controller & CAO | FTax withholding Common Stock | -1,252 | $103.47 | $130k | 4,963 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr | FTax withholding Common Stock | -2,077 | $103.47 | $215k | 10,731 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Feb 18, 2025 | Brian Travis Smith EVP, AFP, Mfg., WWEC & HSE | FTax withholding Common Stock | -1,233 | $103.47 | $128k | 14,982 | Feb 20, 2025 |
| Dec 2, 2024 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | MOption exercise Common Stock | +4,869 | - | - | 4,869 | Dec 3, 2024 |
| Nov 29, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Common Stock | +18,278 | $65.16 | $1.2M | 413,977 | Dec 3, 2024 |
| Dec 2, 2024 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | FTax withholding Common Stock | -1,186 | $104.27 | $124k | 3,683 | Dec 3, 2024 |
| Nov 29, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -18,278 | $105.00 | $1.9M | 395,699 | Dec 3, 2024 |
| Dec 3, 2024 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | SOpen-market sale Common Stock10b5-1 | -3,683 | $104.88 | $386k | 0 | Dec 3, 2024 |
| Dec 2, 2024 | Adrian James Holt SVP, Chf HR Ofcr | MOption exercise Restricted Stock Unitsderivative | -4,869 | - | - | 0 | Dec 3, 2024 |
| Nov 29, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -18,278 | $0.00 | $0 | 53,483 | Dec 3, 2024 |
| Nov 27, 2024 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr | MOption exercise Common Stock | +9,695 | $65.16 | $632k | 56,982 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Nov 27, 2024 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | MOption exercise Common Stock | +100 | $65.16 | $6,516 | 68,893 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Nov 27, 2024 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -9,695 | $106.00 | $1.0M | 47,287 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Nov 27, 2024 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -100 | $105.00 | $11k | 68,793 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Dec 2, 2024 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | MOption exercise Common Stock | +36,277 | $65.16 | $2.4M | 105,070 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Dec 2, 2024 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -36,277 | $104.06 | $3.8M | 68,793 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Nov 27, 2024 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -9,695 | $0.00 | $0 | 0 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Nov 27, 2024 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -100 | $0.00 | $0 | 36,277 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Dec 2, 2024 | Brad A Lich EVP & CCO | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -36,277 | $0.00 | $0 | 0 | Dec 2, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr | MOption exercise Common Stock | +10,504 | $74.46 | $782k | 57,791 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Common Stock | +2,224 | $65.16 | $145k | 397,923 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr | MOption exercise Common Stock | +4,456 | $61.51 | $274k | 8,859 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -10,304 | $105.00 | $1.1M | 47,487 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -2,224 | $105.63 | $235k | 395,699 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -4,456 | $105.84 | $472k | 4,403 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -200 | $105.05 | $21k | 47,287 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Common Stock | +87,508 | $65.16 | $5.7M | 483,207 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | SOpen-market sale Common Stock | -87,508 | $105.01 | $9.2M | 395,699 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Julie A. McAlindon SVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -4,456 | $0.00 | $0 | 0 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -2,224 | $0.00 | $0 | 159,269 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Mark J Costa CEO & Board Chair | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -87,508 | $0.00 | $0 | 71,761 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 26, 2024 | Stephen Glenn Crawford EVP, Manf. & Chf Sustain Ofcr | MOption exercise Employee Stock Option (right to buy)derivative | -10,504 | $0.00 | $0 | 0 | Nov 27, 2024 |
| Nov 6, 2024 | Christopher Moore Killian SVP & CTO | SOpen-market sale Common Stock10b5-1 | -3,061 | $105.00 | $321k | 12,366 | Nov 7, 2024 |
Insiders
Everyone who has filed a Form 4 here.
- Humberto P Alfonsodirector
- Damon J Audiacfo, officer, director
- Brett D Begemanndirector
- Eric L Butlerdirector
- Stephen Glenn CrawfordEVP-Methan. Ops & WWEC Transf.
- Michelle H CavenessSVP & Chf. Mfg. Ofc.
- Mark J CostaCEO & Board Chair
- Bosede Ikeolu GbadegesinSVP, CLO & Corporate Secretary
- Renee J Hornbakerdirector
- Linnie M Haynesworthdirector
- Julie Fasone Holderdirector
- Adrian James HoltSVP, Chf HR Ofcr
- Christopher Moore KillianSVP, CTO & Sust. Ofc,
- Brad A LichEVP & CCO
- Julie A. McAlindonSVP, Regions & Chf SupChn Ofcr
- William Thomas McLain Jr.EVP, CFO
- Kim Ann Minkdirector
- James J /ky Obriendirector
- Donald W Slagerdirector
- Brian Travis SmithEVP, AFP, Mfg., WWEC & HSE
- Michelle Renee StewartController & CAO
Not investment advice. Scores and forward returns are decision support built from public SEC filings and past prices; they describe what happened after comparable filings, not what will happen after this one. Do your own research and size your risk.